MP3 Easy Computer.pdf (Free Download)

Lesson 5 : Installing Floppy Disk Drive 

5.1. Learning Objectives 
On completion of this lesson you will be able to describe:
 How to install floppy disk drives.

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5.2. Introduction 

Different types of floppy drives are available today. Installation method of different types of floppies (3 ½, 5 ¼ etc.) in different types of computers (AT, PS/2, clone etc.) are slightly different. Of them installing method of a 3 ½ drive in a modern clone is discussed here. It is discussed here because it is the most popular type of computer in our country. Other types of installations are nearly similar. The steps to install a 3 ½ inch floppy disk drive as drive ‘A:’ are as follows: 

 Place the drive in PC chassis 

 Connect the cables 

 Configure CMOS. 

5.3. Place the Drive in PC Chassis 

The steps to place a 3 ½ inch floppy disk drive are as follows:  Open the computer casing. 

 Insert the floppy disk drive in the 3 ½ inch wide drive bay of the chassis. 

 Insert the screws in the screw holes on both the sides of the drive. 

5.4. Connecting the Cables 

Two cables are connected with a floppy disk drive power and data. Power cable is a 4-wire cable. It comes out from the power supply unit. It is connected with the power cable-connecting slot of the floppy disk drive. It is not possible to connect the power cable in opposite direction. Data cable is a 34-wire cable with 3 connectors and a twist at one end. The opposite end of the twist is connected with the floppy disk controller (or the motherboard, because nowadays the floppy disk controller is built in the motherboard). If we have two floppy drives then one should be drive ‘A:’ and the other should be drive ‘B:’. The drive, which we want to use as drive ‘A:’, is connected with the twisted end of the cable. Now only one connection point on the cable is left. It is the middle connection point. If we have another drive it is connected with the middle (non-twisted) connection point of the cable to use this drive as drive ‘B:’.

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MP3 Daily Science. pdf

Lesson 1 : Types of Parallel Processing 

1.1. Learning Objectives

On completion of this lesson you will be able to : 

i) classify different types of parallel processing techniques. 

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Traditionally, the computer has been viewed as a sequential machine. Most computer programming languages require the programmer to specify algorithms as sequences of instructions. CPUs execute programs by executing machine instructions in a sequence and one at a time. Each instruction is executed in a sequence of operation (fetch instruction, fetch operands, perform operation, store results). This view of the computer has never been entirely true. At the microoperation level, multiple control signals are generated at the same time. Instruction pipelining, at least to the extent of overlapping fetch and execute operations, has been around for a long time. Both of these are examples of performing functions in parallel. When a computer application requires a very large amount of computation that must be completed in a reasonable amount of time, it becomes necessary to use machines with correspondingly large computing capacity. Such machines are called supercomputers. Typical applications that require supercomputers include weather forecasting; simulation of large, complex, physical systems; and computer-aided design (CAD) using high-resolution graphics. As a general quantitative measure, a supercomputer should have the capability to execute at least 100 million instructions per second. In the development of powerful computers, two basic approaches can be followed. The first possibility is to build the system around a highperformance single processor, and to use the fastest circuit technology available. Architectural features such as multiple functional units for arithmetic operations, pipelining, large caches, and separate buses for instructions and data can be used to achieve very high throughput. As the design is based on a single processor, the system is relatively easy to use because conventional software techniques can be applied.

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CPU Speed

There are many components inside the CPU. The CPU clock keeps the working of the components synchronized. By striking each clock a certain amount of work is done. Heart bit in our body is an example of clock tick in computer.

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The unit used for clock speed is megahertz. Hertz means 1 clock tick per second. So ‘Mega’ ‘Hertz’ means 1 million (106) clock tick per second.

Megahertz is the measure of speed of the processor. A microcomputer's speed mostly depends on the processor. So a faster clock means a faster computer.

But this is not hundred percent true. A computer's speed depends on various other things such as memory size, motherboard, bus speed etc.

So increasing only CPU speed by 50% does not make an overall increase of computer’s speed by 50%, it may increase by 20%. Nowadays, the slowest computer you may find will be 25 or 33 MHz 386DX. The fastest speed you’ll hear may get up around 400 MHz Pentium II.

3.4. Word Size

Word size determines how much big a number the computer can operate in one operation. The larger the word size, the bigger the number. Unit of word size is bit. Today most of the processors support 32-bit word size. The largest integer number that a processor with 32-bit word size can manipulate is 232-1. A processor with larger word size is faster than a processor with smaller word size.

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MP3 International Affairs.Pdf

Lesson 1 : Microcomputer

1.1. Learning Objectives

On completion of this lesson you will be able to describe :

i) What is a microcomputer

ii) Different types of microcomputer.

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1.2. Microcomputer

A computer is an electronic machine that stores, retrieves and manipulates or processes data. Microcomputers are microprocessor based small computer. The brain of a microcomputer is the microprocessor, a silicon chip containing the necessary circuits to perform arithmetic and logic operations and to control input-output operations. A microprocessor is an integrated circuit consisting of thousands of transistors squeezed onto a tiny chip of silicon. The chip is packaged as a single integrated circuit. Adding input-output capability and a memory to the microprocessor, a microcomputer system is formed.

Early microcomputers had a limited processing potential and limited choice of input-output devices. Present day microcomputers have wider processing capabilities and support a wide range of input-output devices. In addition to general-purpose computations, microcomputers are used for special purpose applications in automobiles, airplanes, toys, clocks, appliances etc.

High-end super micros are known as workstations. The workstation represents the bridge between the microcomputers and minicomputers. It is a microcomputer with many of the capabilities of larger minicomputers hut costing much less. Initially designed for use by engineers and designers, and today they are popular for general uses. These workstations can run more than one application for a user. This is known as multitasking. A workstation is also a multi-user system that can be shared by several users at the same time.

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MP3 English Review.pdf

Lesson 2 : Basic Parts of the Microcomputer

2.1. Learning Objectives

On completion of this lesson you will be able to describe

i) Different parts of a microcomputer

ii) Function of different parts.

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2.2. Introduction

A microcomputer is composed of many separate components. These components can be easily separated from one another and be replaced by a new one. The main job of microcomputer troubleshooting is just the following two steps:

i) Find out the faulty component for which the computer is not working properly.

ii) Replace the faulty component with a new one.

So at first we have to know what the components of a microcomputer.

The components of a microcomputer can be divided in 2 portions:

i) Components inside the Casing

ii) Components outside the Casing.

Casing or chassis is the box, inside which all the main devices of a microcomputer reside.

2.3. Components Inside the Casing

Inside the casing there are a few components:

i) Motherboard: Contains the circuit to combine different portions of a microcomputer.

ii) CPU: It is the central device. It controls the whole computer through the motherboard.

iii)  RAM: It is the Random Access Memory. The CPU stores and retrieves data in RAM

iv) ROM: It is the Read Only Memory. It contains the program that is run during the startup period. It also contains basic routines to control different I/O devices.

v) Bus slots: Different external cards are connected with the motherboard through the bus slots.

vi) Memory card: Random Access Memory available in cards.

vii) Display card: Controls the display unit.

viii) Multifunction board: It contains

ix) Printer port: Printer is connected through this port

x) System clock/calendar: Stores information about current date and time

xi) Serial port (RS-232C port): Mouse, modem etc. are connected through this port.

xii) Disk controller: It controls the floppy and hard disk.

xiii)  Power supply unit: Supplies Power to the Microcomputer.

xiv) Disk drives:

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1.3. Different Types of Microcomputers

Today most of the microcomputers are IBM compatible. The microcomputers compatible with the line of IBM personal computers are known as IBM compatible computers.

Compatibility here means that, components (hardware and software) of one ‘IBM computer’ is normally installable in another ‘IBM compatible computer’ and vice-versa. All IBM compatible computers have same line of microprocessor, input-output device, software etc. So it is possible to use one component of a computer in a compatible of that computer.

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Different series of IBM compatible computers exist. They are:
i)  IBM PC
ii) IBM PC/AT
iii) IBM PC/XT
iv) IBM PS/2.

1.3.1. IBM PC
IBM PC was introduced in 1981. It has following characteristics:
i) Intel 8088 processor
ii) 16 KB RAM expandable up to 64 KB
iii) Monochrome video adapter, incapable of displaying bit-mapped graphics
iv) Floppy disk drive with 160 KB storage capability
v) No hard disk.

‘PC’ is the name of a compatible series of microcomputers. But this name ‘PC’ is also used to refer any microcomputer, where PC means personal computer. In this book where we used the term ‘PC’, it means any microcomputer except in this section.

1.3.2. IBM PC/XT

IBM PC/XT was introduced in 1983. It has following characteristics:

i) Intel 8088 processor

ii) RAM expandable up to 640 KB

iii) Supports hard disk.

1.3.3. IBM PC/AT

IBM PC/AT was introduced in 1984. It has following characteristics:

i) Intel 80286 processor

ii) It is approximately 75% faster than PC/XT

iii) AT bus standard was used in many clones.

‘Bus standard’ means the industry standard of connection point and connection organization of different devices connected with the motherboard.

‘Clone’ means a copy of the original one. In computer literature, it means compatibility. For example, ‘AT clone’ means a computer compatible to the IBM PC/AT series.

1.3.4. IBM PS/2

It was introduced in 1987. Different types of Intel processors are used here. It uses MCA (Micro Channel Architecture) bus standard.

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